The Most Common North American Spruces

A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth. In North America, there are 8 important spruce species most important to the  timber trade, the Christmas tree industry and to landscapers. Spruce trees grow at either high altitudes in the southern Appalachians to New England or at higher latitudes in Canada and the higher elevations of Pacific coastal mountains and the Rocky Mountains. Red spruce occupies the Appalachians into upper Northeastern states and provinces. White and blue spruce trees mainly grow throughout most of Canada. Englemann spruce, blue spruce, and Sitka  spruce are native to the western states and Canadian provinces.   Note: Norway spruce is a common non-native European tree that has been extensively planted and has naturalized in North America. They are primarily found in areas of the Northeast, the Great Lake States and Southeastern Canada and the best are cut for New York Citys Rockefeller  Center annual Christmas Tree. Identification of the Common North American Spruce Trees Spruces are large trees and can be distinguished by their whorled branches where needles radiate equally in all directions around the branch (and look very much like a bristle brush). The needles of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches sometimes in a spiral fashion. On firs, there is  a distinct lack of needles on the bottom side of its  twig, unlike spruces that carry needles in a whirl all around the twig. In true firs, the base of each needle is attached to a twig by a structure that looks like a suction cup.   On the other hand, each spruce needle is situated on a small peg-like structure called a pulvinus. This  structure will remain on the branch after the needle drops and will have a rough texture to the touch. The needles (with the exception of Sitka spruce) under magnification are clearly four-sided, four-angled and with four whitish stripe line. The cones of spruce are oblong and cylindrical that tend to be attached to limbs mostly at the top of the trees. Fir trees also have similar looking  cones,  primarily at the top, but tend  to stand upright where spruce hangs downward. These cones do not drop and disintegrate attached to the tree twig.   The Common North American Spruce Red spruceColorado blue spruceBlack spruceWhite spruceSitka spruceEnglemann spruce More on Spruce Trees Spruces, like firs, have absolutely no insect or decay resistance when exposed to the outside environment. Therefore, the wood  is generally recommended for indoor housing use, for sheltered support framing and in furniture for cheaper structural construction. It is also used when pulped to make bleached softwood kraft. Spruce is considered to be a significant North American timber product and the timber trade gives it names like SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood. Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialized uses in wooden aircraft. The  Wright brothers first aircraft, the  Flyer, was built of spruce. Spruces are popular ornamental trees in the  horticultural landscaping trade and enjoyed  for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, non-native  Norway spruce is also extensively used as  Christmas trees. The Most Common North American Conifer List Bald cypress  - Genus  TaxodiumCedar  - Genus  CedrusDouglas Fir  - Genus  PseudotsugaTrue Fir  - Genus  AbiesHemlock  - Genus  TsugaLarch  - Genus  LarixPine  - Genus  PinusRedwood  - Genus  SequoiaSpruce  - Genus  Picea

Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison - 1503 Words

â€Å"Battle Royale,† by Ralph Ellison, is the first chapter of his critically acclaimed book, Invisible Man. It describes the harrowing and hurtful treatment an unnamed African American male experiences in the south. Ellison tackles the hatred and racism experienced by blacks in the United States. Racism and hatred haunted the narrator, resulting in the violence he witnesses that surrounds him. Ellison does a great job of implementing the hatred and cruelty of American racism into his story. This results in a more feeling to the story. The narrator describes his grandparents, freed slaves after the Civil War, who follow the belief of separate but equal. They believed they had achieved equality with whites despite the overwhelming segregation they endured. The narrator’s grandfather while on his deathbed spoke bitterly about his father, comparing the lives of black Americans to warfare and that he was a traitor. He instructed the narrator’s father to undermine the whites and to inform his family to do the same. Now the narrator lives a humble life which in turn allows him to receive praise from the whites in his town. His grandfather’s words haunt him, for the old man deemed such humbleness to be treachery and to avoid it at all cost. The narrator describes delivering the class speech at his high school graduation. His speech explains that the key to the advancement of black Americans is through humility. His speech becomes so powerful and successful that the town allows him toShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pagesfighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race relations and womenRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s to 1930’s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African A merican population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he always wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went toRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison909 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes fo r himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for aRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words   |  13 Pagesportrayed through the narrator’s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal member of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to â€Å"keep the black man down†. The story follows theRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hu rdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, â€Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an â€Å"Invisible Man† for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words   |  5 Pageslike modern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellison’s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, h e starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. Read MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1481 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century. This includes black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. The grandson of slaves, Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His

Gothic in Mery Shelly Free Essays

Gothic novel is a terrified story in which most of the actions as well as the setting are the mysterious and terrifying one. Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is a good example of a gothic novel, but this novel is not a mere gothic one, it is a mixture of gothic and romance in which gothic is the dominant element. Frankenstein is a story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist, who wants to know how to create life, and finally he makes a monster out of the rests of some dead bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Gothic in Mery Shelly or any similar topic only for you Order Now After Victor did this he became regretful, abandoned his university, and came back home, but the monster wants to get revenge from his creator because of his loneliness. At last the monster kills all the members of victor’s family, and finally he goes back North where he disappears for the last time. One of the most important elements of a gothic novel is its setting which transmits terror and fear to readers. This atmosphere can happen in dark, miserable, and desolate places as well as lonely characters.Frankenstein somehow has all these elements together; this novel starts with some letters that Robert Walton, a sailor, writes to his sister, he talks about his loneliness and his need to a friend. Although he has so many crews, he thinks he is alone and needs a friend to share his feeling with. So at the beginning of this novel we face with a lonely person and a very cold, icy, and dark place as he describes in his letters, Walton also describes that sometimes his sheep is in danger of huge tornado; therefore with these elements at the beginning of the story, Mary Shelly wants to ready readers for her horror novel.So after making readers ready, Mary shelly starts to describe the story of Victor Frankenstein, the main character of her novel. In first two chapters of the novel, every thing is normal actually, a calm and smooth life with few ups and downs that is normal in each life. Every thing starts when Victor decided to go to Ingolstadt College for research and study. Before he left his home, his half-sister became sick and his mother died.His loneliness and the gloomy atmosphere of his mother’s dead make readers sure that a terrified event is going to happen. Victor starts his journey to Ingolstadt, and from here he initiated in the idea of creating life out of d ead body with electricity. In the college he became familiar with professor Waldman who helps victor somehow in his research. At first the setting of this part of the story is calm and beautiful, but how Victor became closer to his idea, the atmosphere f the story became darker, at first he was happy from coming to college and 1 everything was ok, days were shiny and pleasant but every day that Victor became closer to his research we see a dark and rainy weather much better, he didn’t send any letter to his family for a long time, even in summer victor didn’t go out to see the beautiful scenes because of his study, sometimes he forgot the place of God in his life and because of this he feels guilty, but he was thirst of science and continued his work till the end.All these elements help readers to feel a sad and horrible situation. On the last days of his work he became sick because of hard work, his guilty feeling was much more than before, the weather is really dark, cold and rainy, and the pl ace that Victor is working in is also dingy and frightening one. So with all these vivid and clear elements we become ready for the birth of monster, Mary Shelly explains the day of the monster’s birth in this way â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , and also we see Victor as a very tired and frightened person when he saw the monster in his dimly-lit lab, he escapes to his room and sees nightmares all through the night. In the morning he didn’t dare to go to his lab so he went to streets, the morning was a wet and dismal one that is not very pleasant for readers. Till now Mary shelly makes a perfect scene of horror; every thing, the setting, the atmosphere, the main plot has a very good harmony with each other, and all these things transmit tangible terror to readers.In the street he saw his close friend, Henry Clerval, and both of them became very happy, Victor was sick and Henry took care of him for some months, in these periods we didn’t read anything about the monster. The situation is not very bad, Victor is becoming better, and he received a letter from Elizabeth, his half-sister and also his lover, who wants him go back home. Victor and Henry came back to college, Victor tried to forget the monster and didn’t tell his secret to his friend, but very sad news makes Victor and also the readers shocked, that was the news of William’s murder, the youngest brother of Vi ctor.The situation of the story again became dark and dismal, Victor and Henry decided to come back home, in the wood Victor saw the monster and became sure that he was the murderer, from here to the end of the story a huge fear is dominant on readers; they don’t know who the next candidate is for death. The setting of the novel from here is almost dark, cold, and rainy; readers can simply feel horror. Mistakenly Justine was condemned to death because of William’s death, when this event happen, readers become more frightened.Now readers know that the monster comes back just for revenge, the setting is not pleasant and fear is clear in all parts of the novel. Here we as readers are waiting for the next revenge, but Mary Shelly beautifully pictured another scene for the readers, 2 this scene is the meeting of the monster and Victor. As I say at first, in Gothic novel we have a lonely character as well, and in this scene Mary shelly shows this elements very clearly; We can see how isolated the monster feels when he says, â€Å"The desert mountains and dreary glaciers are my refuge.I have wandered here many days; the caves of ice, which I only do not fear, are a dwelling to me, and the only one which man does not grudge. † The monster asks for a mate and Victor accepts to make one because he was threatened by the monster. He came back to his lab in England, here the atmo sphere of the novel is very frightening, Victor started to make a mate for the monster, but one night he becomes disgusted that he is creating another monster, and destroys it in a sea. The scene in which the monster vows that he will murder Victor’s partner, Elizabeth, on their wedding night, and also the dark and rainy situation of drowning the dead body of the monster’s mate are really scary one. Mary Shelly describes the scene of drowning the dead body of the monster’s mate in this way â€Å"at one time the moon, which had before been clear, was suddenly overspread by a thick cloud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as it is clear she makes the setting in balance with the action of Victor, and both of them transmits fear to readers, and it makes them sure that this action makes the monster more angry, so they are waiting for a very cruel revenge.The next candidate for death is Henry, when Victor comes back to shore, he understood that he was murdered, and after that the last person for death is Elizabeth, Victor’s wife, as the monster promised to kill her in his wedding night, and finally he kills her. By murdering Victor’s partner, the monster is putting Frankenstein in the same lonely isolated position as him. The situation is a sad one and makes the readers shocked. Victor decided to find the monster and kill him, the situation in which he tracks the monster is a very cold and icy place in North, and revenge is the only thing that keeps him alive.All these serve to thicken the strange darkness that surrounds them. The gloomy setting and the feeling of revenge between Victor and the monster in the last chapter put the readers in horrible situation. The monster tempts his enraged creator through a world of ice and the setting becomes a hindrance as the wind arose. At last Victor died because of his miserable life and tiredness of the long trip, the setting is dark and icy like before, the monster is really sad because of his creator’s death, and became disappear in a waved sea with a tremendous and overwhelming sound for ever.The novel finishes with a close letter that Walton wrote to his sister to inform her from his return to home. I believe that Mary Shelley’s intention for â€Å"Frankenstein† was to stop people stereotyping things on looks alone, and almost every scene in Frankenstein 3 deals with some aspect of emotion. The adoption of underprivileged children, the death of William, and the devotion of Victor and Elizabeth are examples of scenes dominated by emotions. So, in conclusion, I think that â€Å"Frankenstein† is a gothic novel as it all the elements of one, but the novel also has some aspects of romantic literature. 4 How to cite Gothic in Mery Shelly, Papers

Corporate Governance Quality and CSR-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Report on the views for and against allowing Amazon to Operate as a Physical presence in the Australian retail Sector. 2.Using the research you have done in question 1 analyse these views (both for and against) in terms of appropriate theories of ethics presented in Modules 2 and 3 of this unit. 3.Reflect on your Own Personal attitude towards the arrival of Amazon in Australia. Explain the reasons why you think it is a good thing or a bad thing. Answers: Introduction: Amazon.com is an American cloud computing and electronic company that is based in Seattle and is the largest online retailer in the world. This is a consumer centric company and the organization intends to take opportunity advantage that takes lace during the unparalleled technological revolution. There was rapid expansion in then customer base of the company and witnessed cumulative customer accounts. Business of organization was expanded through the range of acquisitions and industry was founded twenty-three years ago and serve the worldwide customers. They offer a wide range of products such as customer electronics, baby products, health and personal care items, scientific and industrial suppliers. Organization now intends to play role in the grocery retail sector that aims at delivering needs of customers. Amazon has sales retail model and for each of the price of items that is sold, Amazon takes small percentage (Aggarwal, 2013). Discussion: 1.Amazon is planning to launch their popular shopping services in Australia. Australian retailer market would shiver to due to the entrance of this corporate giant. It is being blamed that the giant business has been destroying the traditional business models such as department and chain stores. The operation of this giant organization in Australia through the website has been long, however, they need to build a network of logistics and warehouse centres for feeding the growing Australian customers ambition (Amazon.com 2017). Australia has a stable retail environment representing an opportunity for retail behemoth such as Amazon. In order to support the expansion in Australia, amazon is planning to build a fulfilment centre. Organization would be able to achieve competitive advantage in Australia due to their deep pockets and huge size. The growth of e commerce in Australia is fuelled by strong and rapidly growing economy (Simpson Taylor, 2013). All this factors make Australia an at tractive market for the corporate giant with their diverse range of products and their smart initiate of retaining the customers. Amazon can experience some increasing incremental in their revenue and growth resulting from high growth in e commerce in the region. A big change would be brought in the retail landscape of Australia and their operations will have signs of different experience in the country. Since, amazon has no target for market shares; focus of organization is on customers rather than competitors. The viability of small retailers are pressurized due to the expansion of Amazon in Australia. Entrance of amazon by way of opening logistic and warehouse centres would pose a threat to the traditional retailers operating therein. Threats from amazon would be warranting different risk profiles, different thinking and different level of investments. Retailers in Australia are struggling to cope up with purchase in store and less foot traffic and they intend to improve the onli ne sales model (Daidj, 2016). Several factors are likely to throw challenges to the entrance of Amazon in Australia. It is because 70% of the market share has been occupied by retail organization such as Woolworths and Coles. Creation of new warehouse by Amazon would ensure faster local delivery and this will help in earning business and creating value for customers through vast selection, lower price and faster delivery. Logistics is one of the biggest challenge faced by amazon in Australia and this is likely to challenge the delivery model of the organization by raising the costs. If the organization fails to deliver the goods quickly, it would face would intense competition from existing physical retail chains offering the products at lower costs. Therefore, the biggest task for Amazon is to offer quick delivery services and manage the costs. Establishment of shipping hubs in Australia would help amazon in gaining better control over the Middle East and Asia (McCahery Vermeulen, 2014). A tax plan designed for helping mortar and bricks retailer such as Harway Norman were already criticized by amazon and it said that the plan intending to impose tax on goods and services on online purchases was not properly designed. In order for online retailers to comply with the regulations concerning tax, this would create inherent disincentive. The consideration of Amazon for setting up of full service operations in Australia would be encouraged by proposed law that would provide them an encouraging platform by not charging GST and gaining competitive advantage. It was said by amazon that logistics model is suitable for business expansion but the government relied on selecting an untested model with short lead-time (Pirson Turnbull, 2015). The impact of the expansion of amazon on Australian market will be material. One of the most effected retailer due the expansion of amazon would be electronic retailer JB Hi-Fi. It is estimated that over the five year until June 2022 their ea rnings before tax and interest would fall by 33% and forecasted another fall in income of the listed premier investments by 8% (Chan et al., 2014). Therefore, in order to protect the interest of existing retailer player in the Australian market, it is required by government to regulate the business proceedings of amazon. New regulations should be passed that will help in regulating the prices charged such as imposition of price ceilings. The business proposal of amazon in Australia should be analysed through the cost benefit approach. Government should formulate the programs that would assist them in improving regulatory quality in the form of innovation, growth, fostering competitions and considerations of social objectives that would prevent these giant retailers in exploitation the existing competitors and create a sustainable business environment for all companies (Sardana Zhu, 2017). 2.Normative theories of ethics gives the philosophical definitions in terms of ethics and they use the concept of good of wrong. It shows the two fundamental concepts of judgement. In first judgement, the judgement given about anything is right and in judgement two, the judgment given can be wrong or bad. The focus on moral evaluations is due to the intentions or consequence of any act. In this theoretical concept, if Kant ethics is considered that is categorically imperative, goodwill and in universally acceptable. Now relating this particular theory of ethics to the expansion of amazon in Australia by opening of their logistics and warehouse, it can be said that there is need for business to consider the right or wrong, moral duties, consequence of their activities, ethical knowledge and moral duties while carrying out the business activities. Kant ethics deals with the ethics of duty and rather than ethical consequences and accepting the Kantian morality would ask the business pri nciples whether it is based on categorical imperative or not. Amazon expanding the busies in Australia need to treat their stakeholders as persons. This would enable them to not only work for their business interest but for the wellbeing of the consumers. There are two things required in business relationships. First is that people involved in business should not be deceived and second is that business practices of organization should be arranged in such a way that it helps in contributing to the development of moral capabilities and human rational. The contemporary business practice of the organization such as amazon has another concern is the extent to which the employees of organization have limited or restricted knowledge about the affairs of their business (Fenwick Vermeulen, 2017). In this case, the expansion of amazon in Australia would pose a challenge to the employees, as they might not have the required knowledge initially to deal with the business practices and customers therein. There is high level of information asymmetry between the management and employees in terminology of economics. Application of this ethical theory would generating symmetry information between management and employees and help amazon in creating information symmetry. Amazon should not deceive their customers by any way as per the application of this principle. As per the Kantian ethical theory, the work of organization should be morally obliged and this would help in creating a kind of organization. The Kantian approach endorse the principles of business organizational design. Business rules should not be inconsistent between different areas of operations (Nicol?escu, 2013). This would ensure that rules of justice governs the business procedures for establishing the relations among stakeholders. Invisible hand is a concept in economic that helps in bringing unbalance market back to the level of equilibrium. Applying the individual hand into the Australian economy would depict that economy is self-regulating. Presence or existence of invisible hand would make the intervention of government redundant in the economy. Everyone in the Australian society pursues individual interests and the primary interest of individual is not to procure social wellbeing but to satisfy their own personal interests (Filatotchev Nakajima, 2014). The individual hand concept is based on assumption that decision taken by individual is rational. Many instances are there where the action of individual and their self-interest may not lead to societal benefits. For instance, expansion of amazon in Australia have their own self-interest and business objectives and this might not be compatible with other business and societal interest. The intervention of federal government in such circumstances becomes ne cessary as it helps in producing compromise that is fair to all entities and individual concerns. People would be dissuaded from actively petitioning of desired economic reform due to over depending on invisible hand. Amazon would be required to amend some of its labour laws while operating in Australia and in this regard, intervention of government would work in conjunction with the invisible hand and this would help in optimizing benefits to society (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Amazon might hamper the development of some underprivilge individual retail entities when the economy will be shifting to the equilibrium position. In this particular facet, it becomes essential for government to intervene and is the ideal solution as it would help the business in ameliorating some of the hardships that they might be causing on some weak businesses (Garca et al., 2015). This would also involve calling out of business by government that would for their own profit abuses time. 3.Based on revenue, amazon holds the tenth position as global retailer in world. After researching about the scope of expansion of amazon in Australia, many factors would help in gaining the market share and retaining the customers. Amazon would ensure faster local delivery by building several large warehouse in the country. Hundreds of new jobs and employment opportunities would be created in Australia due to their expansion and would help in empowering small businesses. I have learned that there are facets that makes amazon appealing to the consumers in Australia. Amazon has secured high ranks in terms of customer satisfactions and their membership programs. I have found that this particular brand has received enquiries from customers and Australia is technologically advance and offers high wage rate to the labours. This would help the organization to maintain their low cost strategy by reducing their cost of labour. I have ascertained from the survey conducted online that when ama zon would arrive locally in Australia, it is estimated that 56% of Australians will buy the brand. Since the e commerce industry in Australia is already shaken up and this has resulted in poor customer service offering and no return capabilities. As per the research, I have leaned that the expansion of amazon in Australia locally would be slower as what is expected. While conquering the Australian market, there are some of the challenges that are faced by amazon relating to the perception of risks, habit of consumers, sixe of market and distribution among them. However, there are some challenges that would be faced by amazon when expanding into Australia, particular in their logistics stores. There are two implications of the expansion of amazon in area of warehouse and logistics. Limited offering would be provided by the brand inn terms of shipping, online storage space and streaming video. In relation to other countries, premium like fast service and products are likely to be expensive. As the amazon would build the brand and share of market, it is projected that they would be eating some of their own profit margin initially. This is not in the interest of business of amazon and its long-term view entrance would be contrasting the view of Australian companies. It is so because, Australian companies run with expectations of shareholders on their quarterly results. Therefore, I think that in order for amazon to hit the profitability in the short-term, it needs to make investment in product lines, distribution and price of products. I believ e that retail store formats would be successful due to the various facets. Now, I have considered two ethical theories concerning the expansion of amazon in Australian market. The two ethical theories are normative theories and invisible hand of argument. While dealing with the normative theories, I have considered Kant ethics for explaining the various facets for the expansion into the retail market. Considering the Kant ethics would be appropriate for the organization expanding into another country as it will have to involve moral obligations while taking business decisions and this will work in best interest of both the society and reputation of brand. Using the invisible hand argument calls for need of government to intervene for regulating the activities of organization. Recommendations: Expansion of amazon in Australia would require them to adopt appropriate strategies for reaching their customer base. Since, cost is one of the challenge faced by the brand and customer base are inclined toward buying products low price as offered. Therefore, in this aspect, it is required by amazon to set up their product price at level that would help in reaching their profit margin and at the same time is reasonable for customers to buy the product locally. In order to adopt to the local conditions, amazon needs to adopt specific business model such as warehouse model for carrying out their operations and should not just roll out one business model. Relentless expansion by amazon should come up with giving return on investments should to shareholders. It is quite possible that amazon would become the major destructive force for other existing retailers in the retail market of Australia. Conclusion: From the above analysis and conducting various research, it was ascertained that expansion of amazon comes with both providing good opportunities to customers and at the same time poses with some challenges to the corporate giant. Organization while setting up their own warehouse and logistics centres will face some challenge in terms of costs and quick deliveries. Nonetheless, the major beneficiary due to the expansion would be the Australian customers and threats are postured to the existing retailer in retail market and warehouse operators. Customers would have the option of driving through the lanes and picking up their items from the store as well as online facilities. References: Aggarwal, P. (2013). Impact of corporate governance on corporate financial performance. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 13(3), 01-05. Amazon.com. (2017).Retrieved 17 August 2017, from https://www.amazon.com/Information-History-Theory-Flood/dp/1400096235 Chan, M. C., Watson, J., Woodliff, D. (2014). Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), 59-73. Council, A. C. G., Exchange, A. S. (2014). Corporate governance principles and recommendations . ASX Corporate Governance Council. Daidj, N. (2016). Strategy, structure and corporate governance: Expressing inter-firm networks and group-affiliated companies. CRC Press. Fenwick, M., Vermeulen, E. P. (2017). How the Sharing Economy Is Transforming'Corporate Governance'. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). 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